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Bioscience News - GEG Tech top picks
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COLUMBUS, Ohio – Research led by investigators at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center provides new hope for recovery from degenerative neurological diseases — such as ALS and multiple sclerosis — as well from as damage caused by traumatic brain and spine injuries and stroke.
BigField GEG Tech's insight:
COLUMBUS, Ohio – Research led by investigators at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center provides new hope for recovery from degenerative neurological diseases — such as ALS and multiple sclerosis — as well from as damage caused by traumatic brain and spine injuries and stroke. Using a mouse model, researchers at Ohio State and the University of Michigan discovered a new type of immune cell that not only rescues damaged nerve cells from death, but partially reverses nerve fiber damage. The research team also identified a human immune cell line, with similar characteristics, that promotes nervous system repair. Study findings are published in the journal Nature Immunology.
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Emerging data demonstrate that the activity of immune cells can be modulated by microbial molecules. Here, we show that the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) pentanoate and butyrate enhance the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells through metabolic and epigenetic reprograming. We show that in vitro treatment of CTLs and CAR T cells with pentanoate and butyrate increases the function of mTOR as a central cellular metabolic sensor, and inhibits class I histone deacetylase activity. This reprogramming results in elevated production of effector molecules such as CD25, IFN-γ and TNF-α, and significantly enhances the anti-tumor activity of antigen-specific CTLs and ROR1-targeting CAR T cells in syngeneic murine melanoma and pancreatic cancer models. Our data shed light onto microbial molecules that may be used for enhancing cellular anti-tumor immunity. Collectively, we identify pentanoate and butyrate as two SCFAs with therapeutic utility in the context of cellular cancer immunotherapy. The activity of immune cells can be regulated by the microbiome. Here, the authors show that the fatty acids pentanoate and butyrate—normally released by the microbiome—increase the anti-tumour activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and chimeric antigen receptor T cells through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.
BigField GEG Tech's insight:
Each person carries about 100 trillion bacterial cells in their digestive tract, belonging to several thousand species, this is called the microbiome. It is believed to be involved in the development of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, to trigger diabetes, to be responsible for obesity, and even for neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, but also for depression and autistic disorders. Scientists from the Universities of Würzburg and Marburg have succeeded for the first time in demonstrating experimentally that bacterial metabolites can increase the cytotoxic activity of certain immune cells and thus positively influencing the efficacy of tumor therapies. Ideally, the bacterial species composition of the microbiome could be used to monitor its influence on the success of therapy. It is the short-chain fatty acids, butyrate and, in particular, pentanoate, that are able to increase the cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells. Their study shows that treatment with the fatty acid pentanoate increased the ability of tumor-specific T cells to fight solid tumor models. Furthermore, the same effect was observed with CAR-T based treatment.
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BigField GEG Tech's insight:
By introducing a particular strain of bacteria into the digestive tracts of mice with melanoma, researchers at the University of Chicago were able to boost the ability of the animal’s immune systems to attack tumor cells. The gains were comparable to treatment with anti-cancer drugs known as checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-L1 antibodies.
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EPFL scientists have developed a chemical method for targeting the effects of cancer-fighting immunotherapy drugs only to the tumor tissue, making the drugs less toxic to the rest of the human body.