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Authors: Siloni Singh Bhadwal, Shagun Verma, Shahnawaz Hassan and Satwinderjeet Kaur.
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2024)
Highlights: • Hydrogen sulfide plays key roles in antioxidant activity, osmo-regulation, and gene expression. • Sulfur metabolic pathways influence plant growth and development. • Importance of H2S as a signaling molecule in response to environmental stressors is highlighted. • Specific stress factors such as abiotic and biotic stresses are discussed in detail. • The interplay between H2S and other signaling molecules like nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide is explored.
Abstract: "Over the past decade, a plethora of research has illuminated the multifaceted roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in plant physiology. This gaseous molecule, endowed with signaling properties, plays a pivotal role in mitigating metal-induced oxidative stress and strengthening the plant's ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. It fulfils several functions in regulating plant development while ameliorating the adverse impacts of environmental stressors. The intricate connections among nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydrogen sulfide in plant signaling, along with their involvement in direct chemical processes, are contributory in facilitating post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins that target cysteine residues. Therefore, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of sulfur metabolic pathways regulated by hydrogen sulfide, alongside the advancements in understanding its biological activities in plant growth and development. Specifically, it centres on the physiological roles of H2S in responding to environmental stressors to explore the crucial significance of different exogenously administered hydrogen sulfide donors in mitigating the toxicity associated with heavy metals (HMs). These donors are of utmost importance in facilitating the plant development, stabilization of physiological and biochemical processes, and augmentation of anti-oxidative metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the review delves into the interaction between different growth regulators and endogenous hydrogen sulfide and their contributions to mitigating metal-induced phytotoxicity."
Authors: Lining Liu, Xing Liu, Zhenkun Bai, Mohsin Tanveer, Yujing Zhang, Wenjie Chen, Sergey Shabala and Liping Huang.
Plant Science (2024)
Highlights: • Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides modulate pH of the extracellular matrix in plant cells. • RALFs play key role in plant growth and development. • RALFs are important regulators in plant intercellular communications, integrating various environmental cues. • Important role of RALFs as component of abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms has emerged.
Abstract: "Plants live in a highly dynamic environment and require to rapidly respond to a plethora of environmental stimuli, so that to maintain their optimal growth and development. A small plant peptide, rapid alkalization factor (RALF), can rapidly increase the pH value of the extracellular matrix in plant cells. RALFs always function with its corresponding receptors. Mechanistically, effective amount of RALF is induced and released at the critical period of plant growth and development or under different external environmental factors. Recent studies also highlighted the role of RALF peptides as important regulators in plant intercellular communications, as well as their operation in signal perception and as ligands for different receptor kinases on the surface of the plasma membrane, to integrate various environmental cues. In this context, understanding the fine-print of above processes may be essential to solve the problems of crop adaptation to various harsh environments under current climate trends scenarios, by genetic means. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the structure and diversity of RALF peptides and their roles in plant development and response to stresses, highlighting unanswered questions and problems to be solved."
Authors: Ming Wu, Elshan Musazade, Xiao Yang, Le Yin, Zizhu Zhao, Yu Zhang, Jingmei Lu and Liquan Guo.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2023)
Abstract: "Plants actively develop intricate regulatory mechanisms to counteract the harmful effects of environmental stresses. The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, a crucial mechanism, employs E3 ligases (E3s) to facilitate the conjugation of ubiquitin to specific target substrates, effectively marking them for proteolytic degradation. E3s play critical roles in many biological processes, including phytohormonal signaling and adaptation to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura (ATL) proteins, belonging to a subfamily of RING-H2 E3s, actively modulate diverse physiological processes and plant responses to environmental stresses. Despite studies on the functions of certain ATL family members in rice and Arabidopsis, most ATLs still need more comprehensive study. This review presents an overview of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), specifically focusing on the pivotal role of E3s and associated enzymes in plant development and environmental adaptation. Our study seeks to unveil the active modulation of plant responses to environmental stresses by E3s and ATLs, emphasizing the significance of ATLs within this intricate process. By emphasizing the importance of studying the roles of E3s and ATLs, our review contributes to developing more resilient plant varieties and promoting sustainable agricultural practices while establishing a research roadmap for the future."
Authors: Sagar Bashyal, Chandan Kumar Gautam and Lena Maria Müller.
Plant Physiology (2024)
Abstract: "Plants must rapidly and dynamically adapt to changes in their environment. Upon sensing environmental signals, plants convert them into cellular signals, which elicit physiological or developmental changes that allow them to respond to various abiotic and biotic cues. Because plants can be simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental cues, signal integration between plant cells, tissues, and organs is necessary to induce specific responses. Recently, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides and their cognate CLAVATA-type receptors received increased attention for their roles in plant-environment interactions. CLE peptides are mobile signaling molecules, many of which are induced by a variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Secreted CLE peptides are perceived by receptor complexes on the surface of their target cells, which often include the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase CLAVATA1. Receptor activation then results in cell-type and/or environment-specific responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the diverse roles of environment-regulated CLE peptides in modulating plant responses to environmental cues. We highlight how CLE signals regulate plant physiology by fine-tuning plant-microbe interactions, nutrient homeostasis, and carbon allocation. Finally, we describe the role of CLAVATA receptors in the perception of environment-induced CLE signals and discuss how diverse CLE-CLAVATA signaling modules may integrate environmental signals with plant physiology and development."
Authors: Aishwarye Sharma, Harsha Samtani, Karishma Sahu, Arun Kumar Sharma, Jitendra Paul Khurana and Paramjit Khurana.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2023)
Abstract: "Transcription factors play important roles in governing plant responses upon changes in their ambient conditions. Any fluctuation in the supply of critical requirements for plants, such as optimum light, temperature, and water leads to the reprogramming of gene-signaling pathways. At the same time, plants also evaluate and shift their metabolism according to the various stages of development. Phytochrome-Interacting Factors are one of the most important classes of transcription factors that regulate both developmental and external stimuli-based growth of plants. This review focuses on the identification of PIFs in various organisms, regulation of PIFs by various proteins, functions of PIFs of Arabidopsis in diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, photomorphogenesis, flowering, senescence, seed and fruit development, and external stimuli-induced plant responses such as shade avoidance response, thermomorphogenesis, and various abiotic stress responses. Recent advances related to the functional characterization of PIFs of crops such as rice, maize, and tomato have also been incorporated in this review, to ascertain the potential of PIFs as key regulators to enhance the agronomic traits of these crops. Thus, an attempt has been made to provide a holistic view of the function of PIFs in various processes in plants.
Authors: Jing Cao, Jiale Yuan, Yingli Zhang, Chen Chen, Beihong Zhang, Xianming Shi, Rui Niu and Fang Lin.
Stress Biology (2023)
Abstract: "Light and phytohormone are external and internal cues that regulate plant growth and development throughout their life cycle. BBXs (B-box domain proteins) are a group of zinc finger proteins that not only directly govern the transcription of target genes but also associate with other factors to create a meticulous regulatory network to precisely regulate numerous aspects of growth and developmental processes in plants. Recent studies demonstrate that BBXs play pivotal roles in light-controlled plant growth and development. Besides, BBXs have been documented to regulate phytohormone-mediated physiological procedures. In this review, we summarize and highlight the multi-faced role of BBXs, with a focus in photomorphogenesis, photoperiodic flowering, shade avoidance, abiotic stress, and phytohormone-mediated growth and development in plant."
Authors: Shashi Uniyal, Bhandari, Preeti Singh, Rahul Kunwar Singh and Shree Prakash Tiwari.
Frontiers in Genetics (2022)
Abstract: "Cytokinins, a type of phytohormones that induce division of cytoplasm, have considerable value in agriculture due to their influences on several physiological processes of plants such as morphogenesis, development of chloroplast, seed dormancy, leaf senescence, etc. Previously, it was assumed that plants obtain cytokinin from the soil produced by microbes as these hormones were first discovered in soil-inhabiting bacteria i.e., Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Later, the cytokinin biosynthesis gene, i.e., ipt gene, has been reported in plants too. Though plants synthesize cytokinins, several studies have reported that the exogenous application of cytokinins has numerous beneficial effects including the acceleration of plant growth and boosting economic yield. Cyanobacteria may be employed in the soil not only as the source of cytokinins but also as the source of other plant growth-promoting metabolites. These organisms biosynthesize the cytokinins using the enzyme isopentenyl transferases (IPTs) in a fashion similar to the plants; however, there are few differences in the biosynthesis mechanism of cytokinins in cyanobacteria and plants. Cytokinins are important for the establishment of interaction between plants and cyanobacteria as evidenced by gene knockout experiments. These hormones are also helpful in alleviating the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plant development. Cyanobacterial supplements in the field result in the induction of adventitious roots and shoots on petiolar as well as internodal segments. The leaf, root, and stem explants of certain plants exhibited successful regeneration when treated with cyanobacterial extract/cell suspension. These successful regeneration practices mark the way of cyanobacterial deployment in the field as a great move toward the goal of sustainable agriculture."
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Authors: Faisal Zulfiqar, Anam Moosa, Hayssam M. Ali, Núria F. Bermejo and Sergi Munné-Bosch.
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2024)
Highlights: • Biostimulants are biobased solutions to tackle modern agriculture problems • For tackling climate change issue, biostimulants are not enough • Stopping wars and conflicts is the main solution to save environment and agriculture
Abstract: "Climate change is currently one of the main concerns of the agricultural sector, as it limits crop production and quality. Furthermore, the current context of global crisis with international political instability and war conflicts over the world is pushing the agricultural sector even more to urgently boost productivity and yield and doing so in a sustainable way in the current frame of climate change. Biostimulants can be an effective tool in alleviating the negative effects of environmental stresses to which plants are exposed, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals and extreme temperatures. Biostimulants act through multiple mechanisms, modifying gene expression, metabolism and phytohormone production, promoting the accumulation of compatible solutes and antioxidants and mitigating oxidative stress. However, it is important to keep in mind that the use and effect of biostimulants has limitations and must be accompanied by other techniques to ensure crop yield and quality in the current frame of climate change, such as proper crop management and the use of other sustainable resources. Here, we will not only highlight the potential use of biostimulants to face future agricultural challenges, but also take a critical look at their limitations, underlining the importance of a broad vision of sustainable agriculture in the current context of climate change."
Authors: Maarten Houben, John Vaughan-Hirsch, Jolien Pattyn, Wangshu Mou, Stijn Roden, Albert Roig Martinez, Elif Kabak, Savio Rodrigues, Asia Polko, Barbara De Coninck, Joseph J Kieber, Arnout R.D. Voet and Bram Van de Poel.
bioRxiv (2024)
Abstract: "Ethylene is involved in several developmental processes and responses towards (a)biotic stress. In seed plants, ethylene is produced from its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC-oxidase (ACO). Despite its key role in ethylene synthesis, the ACO gene family has not yet been fully characterized. We investigated the five ACO members of Arabidopsis thaliana and revealed a tissue- and developmentally specific expression pattern. Furthermore, the five ACO enzymes each have a different capacity to produce ethylene. Combined, this allows for a precise spatial and temporal regulation of ethylene synthesis. At the sub-cellular level, we uncovered that ACOs reside in the cytosol, where ethylene is likely synthesized, but surprisingly also in the nucleus. Using reverse genetics of single and higher order aco mutants we revealed a high degree of gene redundancy and minimal phenotypes. A lack of ethylene synthesis by knocking out all five ACOs did not impair normal vegetative and generative development but did influence processes associated with high rates of ethylene production such as petal abscission. This suggests that ethylene is not a prime regulator of development, but more a moderator. We also showed that the inability to synthesize ethylene impairs some abiotic (nutrient deficiency and metal toxicity) and biotic (Botrytis cinerea) stress responses, similar as plants insensitive towards ethylene, corroborating the role of ethylene in mediating stress responses. In conclusion, the ACO gene family enables plants to fine-tune their ethylene synthesis rates, but a lack their off is not crucial for normal development and stress survival."
Authors: Muhammad Kamran, Kim T. Melville, Mark T. Waters.
Journal of Experimental Botany (2024)
Abstract: "Plants rely upon a diverse range of metabolites to control growth and development, and to overcome stress that results from suboptimal conditions. Karrikins (KARs) are a class of butenolide compounds found in smoke that stimulate seed germination and regulate various developmental processes in plants. KARs are perceived via a plant α/β-hydrolase called KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), which also functions as a receptor for a postulated phytohormone, provisionally termed KAI2-ligand (KL). Considered natural analogues of KL, KARs have been extensively studied for their effects on plant growth and their crosstalk with plant hormones. The perception and response pathway for KAR-KL signalling is closely related to that of strigolactones, another class of butenolides with numerous functions in regulating plant growth. KAR-KL signalling influences seed germination, seedling photomorphogenesis, root system architecture, abiotic stress responses, and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of KAR-KL signalling, focussing on its role in plant development, its effects on stress tolerance, and its interaction with other signalling mechanisms."
Authors: Ruoyang Hu, Xuedong Li, Yong Hu, Runjie Zhang, Qiang Lv, Min Zhang, Xianyong Sheng, Feng Zhao, Zhijia Chen, Yuhan Ding, Huan Yuan, Xiaofeng Wu, Shuang Xing, Xiaoyu Yan, Fang Bao, Ping Wan, Lihong Xiao, Xiaoqin Wang, Wei Xiao, Eva L. Decker, Nico van Gessel, Hugues Renault, Gertrud Wiedemann, Nelly A. Horst, Fabian B. Haas, Per K.I. Wilhelmsson, Kristian K. Ullrich, Eva Neumann, Bin Lv, Chengzhi Liang, Huilong Du, Hongwei Lu, Qiang Gao, Zhukuan Cheng, Hanli You, Peiyong Xin, Jinfang Chu, Chien-Hsun Huang, Yang Liu, Shanshan Dong, Liangsheng Zhang, Fei Chen, Lei Deng, Fuzhou Duan, Wenji Zhao, Kai Li, Zhongfeng Li, Xingru Li, Hengjian Cui, Yong E. Zhang, Chuan Ma, Ruiliang Zhu, Yu Jia, Meizhi Wang, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Jinzhong Fu, Bernard Goffinet, Hong Ma, Stefan A. Rensing, Ralf Reski and Yikun He.
Cell (2023)
Editor's view: Field observations of Takakia, a highly adapted moss facing extinction in the Tibetan Plateau, integrated with an evolutionary framework provide insights into when its distinct features emerged relative to the geological events that shape this extreme environment.
Highlights • Steepest temperature increase at 4 km elevation threatens highly adapted moss species • Sequenced genome with highest number of fast-evolving genes under positive selection • Adaptation to severe UV-B radiation and freezing likely evolved at high altitudes • Morphological peculiarities of Takakia plants likely evolved earlier than 165 mya
Abstract: "The most extreme environments are the most vulnerable to transformation under a rapidly changing climate. These ecosystems harbor some of the most specialized species, which will likely suffer the highest extinction rates. We document the steepest temperature increase (2010–2021) on record at altitudes of above 4,000 m, triggering a decline of the relictual and highly adapted moss Takakia lepidozioides. Its de-novo-sequenced genome with 27,467 protein-coding genes includes distinct adaptations to abiotic stresses and comprises the largest number of fast-evolving genes under positive selection. The uplift of the study site in the last 65 million years has resulted in life-threatening UV-B radiation and drastically reduced temperatures, and we detected several of the molecular adaptations of Takakia to these environmental changes. Surprisingly, specific morphological features likely occurred earlier than 165 mya in much warmer environments. Following nearly 400 million years of evolution and resilience, this species is now facing extinction."
Authors: Yongxue Zhang, Haodong Tian, Daniel Chen, Heng Zhang, Meihong Sun, Sixue Chen, Zhi Qin, Zhaojun Ding and Shaojun Dai.
Trends in Plant Science (2023)
Highlights: Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are evolutionarily conserved DUF26-containing receptor-like kinases (RLKs). CRKs regulate pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca2+ influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade activation, phytohormone signaling, and callose deposition. CRKs control abiotic stress response and the stress–growth balance. Future research using CRISPR, inducible systems, single-cell omics, post-translational modification analysis, and proximity-labeling proteomics will advance our understanding of plant CRKs.
Abstract: "Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) belong to a large DUF26-containing receptor-like kinase (RLK) family. They play key roles in immunity, abiotic stress response, and growth and development. How CRKs regulate diverse processes is a long-standing question. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CRK functions in Ca2+ influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade activation, callose deposition, stomatal immunity, and programmed cell death (PCD). We review the CRK structure–function relationship with a focus on the roles of CRKs in immunity, the abiotic stress response, and the growth–stress tolerance tradeoff. We provide a critical analysis and synthesis of how CRKs control sophisticated regulatory networks that determine diverse plant phenotypic outputs."
Authors: Nishat Parveen, Nidhi Kandhol, Shivesh Sharma, Vijay Pratap Singh, Devendra Kumar Chauhan, Jutta Ludwig-Müller, Francisco J. Corpas and Durgesh Kumar Tripathi.
Plant and Cell Physiology (2022)
Abstract: "The phytohormone auxin acts as an important signaling molecule having regulatory functions during the growth and development of plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also known to perform signaling functions at low concentrations, however, over-accumulation of ROS due to various environmental stresses damages the biomolecules, cell structures and lead to cell death, therefore it can be said that ROS act as a double-edged sword. Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous signaling molecule, performs a wide range of favourable roles in plants. NO displays its positive role in photo-morphogenesis, root growth, leaf expansion, seed germination, stomatal closure, senescence, fruit maturation, mitochondrial activity, and metabolism of iron. Studies have revealed the early existence of these crucial molecules during evolution. Moreover, auxin, ROS, and NO together show their involvement in various developmental processes and abiotic stress tolerance. Redox signaling is a primary response during exposure of plants to stresses and shows a link with auxin signaling. This review provides updated information related to crosstalk between auxin, ROS, and NO starting from their evolution during early earth periods and their interaction in plant growth and developmental processes as well as in the case of abiotic stresses to plants."
Authors: Qiaoli Xie, Yu Zhang, Yingxia Cheng, Yanling Tian, Junjie Luo, Zongli Hu and Guoping Chen.
Plant Cell Reports (2022)
Abstract: "Melatonin has attracted widespread attention after its discovery in higher plants. Tomato is a key model economic crop for studying fleshy fruits. Many studies have shown that melatonin plays important role in plant stress resistance, growth, and development. However, the research progress on the role of melatonin and related mechanisms in tomatoes have not been systematically summarized. This paper summarizes the detection methods and anabolism of melatonin in tomatoes, including (1) the role of melatonin in combating abiotic stresses, e.g., drought, heavy metals, pH, temperature, salt, salt and heat, cold and drought, peroxidation hydrogen and carbendazim, etc., (2) the role of melatonin in combating biotic stresses, such as tobacco mosaic virus and foodborne bacillus, and (3) the role of melatonin in tomato growth and development, such as fruit ripening, postharvest shelf life, leaf senescence and root development. In addition, the future research directions of melatonin in tomatoes are explored in combination with the role of melatonin in other plants. This review can provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the scientific understanding of the role of melatonin in tomatoes and the improved breeding of fruit crops."
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