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Authors: Pei Lei, Yaxuan Jiang, Yong Zhao, Mingquan Jiang, Ximei Ji, Le Ma, Guangze Jin, Jianxin Li, Subin Zhang, Dexin Kong, Xiyang Zhao and Fanjuan Meng.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2024)
Abstract: "Abiotic stresses including cold, drought, salt, and iron deficiency severely impair plant development, crop productivity, and geographic distribution. Several bodies of research have shed light on the pleiotropic functions of BASIC HELIX–LOOP–HELIX (bHLH) proteins in plant responses to these abiotic stresses. In this review, we mention the regulatory roles of bHLH TFs in response to stresses such as cold, drought, salt resistance, and iron deficiency, as well as in enhancing grain yield in plants, especially crops. The bHLH proteins bind to E/G-box motifs in the target promoter and interact with various other factors to form a complex regulatory network. Through this network, they cooperatively activate or repress the transcription of downstream genes, thereby regulating various stress responses. Finally, we present some perspectives for future research focusing on the molecular mechanisms that integrate and coordinate these abiotic stresses. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for the development of stress-tolerant crops."
Authors: June-Sik Kim, Satoshi Kidokoro, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Kazuo Shinozaki.
Plant Physiology (2024)
Abstract: "Drought and cold represent distinct types of abiotic stress, each initiating unique primary signaling pathways in response to dehydration and temperature changes, respectively. However, a convergence at the gene regulatory level is observed where a common set of stress-responsive genes is activated to mitigate the impacts of both stresses. In this review, we explore these intricate regulatory networks, illustrating how plants coordinate distinct stress signals into a collective transcriptional strategy. We delve into the molecular mechanisms of stress perception, stress signaling, and the activation of gene regulatory pathways, with a focus on insights gained from model species. By elucidating both the shared and distinct aspects of plant responses to drought and cold, we provide insight into the adaptive strategies of plants, paving the way for the engineering of stress-resilient crop varieties that can withstand a changing climate."
Authors: Jihong Li and Yuan Song.
Plant Science (2024)
Highlights: • The research of plant thermosensor is obviously lagging behind and hence has become an urgent problem to be resolved. • We summarized the recognized and potential plant thermosensors，to describe the multi–level thermal input system in plants. • We reviewed more recent thermosensing mechanisms to facilitate further understanding and studies.
Abstract: "Plants dynamically regulate their genes expression and physiological outputs to adapt to changing temperatures. The underlying molecular mechanisms have been extensively studied in diverse plants and in multiple dimensions. However, the question of exactly how temperature is detected at molecular level to transform the physical information into recognizable intracellular signals remains continues to be one of the undetermined occurrences in plant science. Recent studies have provided the physical and biochemical mechanistic breakthrough of how temperature changes can influence molecular thermodynamically stability, thus changing molecular structures, activities, interaction and signaling transduction. In this review, we focus on the thermosensing mechanisms of recognized and potential plant thermosensors, to describe the multi–level thermal input system in plants. We also consider the attributes of a thermosensor on the basis of thermal-triggered changes in function, structure, and physical parameters. This study thus provides a reference for discovering more plant thermosensors and elucidating plant thermal adaptive mechanisms."
Authors: Yi Feng, Jiahong Lv, Mengqun Peng, Jie Li, Yue Wu, Min Gao, Xinyi Wu, Yi Wang, Ting Wu, Xinzhong Zhang, Xuefeng Xu and Zhenhai Han.
Horticultural Plant Journal (2023)
Abstract: "Cytokinins are members of a group of phytohormones involved in various growth and developmental processes in plants. Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in catalyzing the biosynthesis of cytokinins. In this study, to understand the role of IPT family in cold resistance, 78 IPT candidates were identified and characterized in nine Rosaceae genomes. The expansion of IPT families in the Rosaceae primarily occurred through segmental duplication rather than tandem duplication. In general, purifying selection controlled the evolution of IPT families in the Rosaceae, with IPT3 and IPT5 homologs as the primary drivers of evolution. Cis-elements, which are involved in the responses to many environmental stresses or phytohormone signals, were identified in the promoters of MdIPT members. This was consistent with the trends of expression of the MdIPT genes in apple (Malus domestica) calli. MdIPT5b was also found to exhibit multiple responses to phytohormones and stress signals. The ectopic expression of MdIPT5b resulted in an increase in cold resistance in transformed apple calli and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plantlets. The redox balance was partially stabilized through the accumulation of proline under cold stress. However, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle cannot be stabilized in the cold. All physiological and biochemical assays are preformed in spectrophotometer. These results showed that regulating the expression of IPT genes for moderate cytokinin improvement could enhance the accumulation of proline to stabilize the osmotic and redox balances to improve resistance to cold stress."
Authors: Javier Martínez Pacheco, Victoria Berdion Gabarain, Leonel E. Lopez, Tomás Urzúa Lehuedé, Darío Ocaranza and José M. Estevez.
Current Opinion in Plant Biology (2023)
Abstract: "Plants exposed to freezing and above-freezing low temperatures must employ a variety of strategies to minimize fitness loss. There is a considerable knowledge gap regarding how mild low temperatures (around 10 °C) affect plant growth and developmental processes, even though the majority of the molecular mechanisms that plants use to adapt to extremely low temperatures are well understood. Root hairs (RH) have become a useful model system for studying how plants regulate their growth in response to both cell-intrinsic cues and environmental inputs. Here, we'll focus on recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underpinning Arabidopsis thaliana RH growth at mild low temperatures and how these discoveries may influence our understanding of nutrient sensing mechanisms by the roots. This highlights how intricately linked mechanisms are necessary for plant development to take place under specific circumstances and to produce a coherent response, even at the level of a single RH cell."
Authors: Romana Kopecká, Michaela Kameniarová, Martin Černý, Břetislav Brzobohatý and Jan Novák.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2023)
Abstract: "The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and putting this knowledge into practice is, therefore, an integral part of sustainable agriculture. In this review, we focus on current findings in plant resistance to four cardinal abiotic stressors—drought, heat, salinity, and low temperatures. Apart from the description of the newly discovered mechanisms of signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, this review also focuses on the importance of primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, and phytohormones. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies concerning the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrates the long-observed phenomenon that abiotic stressors induce different signals and effects at the level of gene expression, but genes whose regulation is similar under most stressors can still be traced. The analysis further reveals the transcriptional modulation of Golgi-targeted proteins in response to heat stress. Our analysis also highlights several genes that are similarly regulated under all stress conditions. These genes support the central role of phytohormones in the abiotic stress response, and the importance of some of these in plant resistance has not yet been studied. Finally, this review provides information about the response to abiotic stress in major European crop plants—wheat, sugar beet, maize, potatoes, barley, sunflowers, grapes, rapeseed, tomatoes, and apples."
Authors: Yuanlin Guan, Delight Hwarari, Harriet Mateko Korboe, Baseer Ahmad, Yiwei Cao, Ali Movahedi and Liming Yang.
Environmental and Experimental Botany (2023)
Abstract: "Plant geographical distribution, growth and development, and yield, are to a greater extend affected by the environmental factors, including cold stress. Low-temperature affects enzyme activity, membrane functionality, and cell dehydration, leading to cell metabolic instability or autophagy. Nonetheless, plants have evolved complex biochemical and molecular mechanisms to adapt to cold stress, regulated through transcriptional and translational modifications of genes. These complex mechanisms are principally divided into ABA-dependent and -independent pathways. Abscisic acid (ABA), as a crucial component in the pathways during the cold stress, regulates the expression of Cold-Responsive (COR) genes through several transcription factors such as the bZIP, HOS members, homo box, H4, and Zn finger factors. Particularly, in the ABA-independent pathway, the cold stress is regulated through the C-repeat binding factors (CBFs), and ABA activates the expression of the Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) through the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Consequently, upregulating the transcription and expression of CBF genes and COR genes downstream in a chain reaction, through binding to the C-repeat/Dehydration Responsive Element (CRT/DRE). In addition, the transcriptional and post-translational modifications (PTMs) modulate gene expressions in the signaling cascade at various levels of response leading to plant low temperature stress acclimation. This review paper discusses and summarizes the molecular mechanisms governing cold stress responses, addressing current researches and findings in light of the cold stress and their implications on plant genetic improvement."
Authors: Tingting Zhu, Martijn van Zanten Ive De Smet.
Trends in Plant Science (2022)
Highlights: Temperature effects on plant growth, physiology, and development are conceptualized from a dose-response perspective. Since plants are exposed to natural fluctuations in temperature, we draw attention to the temperature optimum of responses instead of the (study of) binary extreme temperatures. Plant growth responsiveness to temperature dose often aligns with the monophasic response pattern, fitting an Arrhenius type model. Temperature dose-modulated changes of two phytohormone levels, jasmonate (JA) and gibberellin (GA), follow the monophasic response pattern. The thermosensory responses of phyB, ELF3, and the secondary structure of PIF7 mRNA show, to the extent tested, a temperature threshold dose-dependent pattern and could fit a monophasic pattern.
Abstract: "Plants in most natural habitats are exposed to a continuously changing environment, including fluctuating temperatures. Temperature variations can trigger acclimation or tolerance responses, depending on the severity of the signal. To guarantee food security under a changing climate, we need to fully understand how temperature response and tolerance are triggered and regulated. Here, we put forward the concept that responsiveness to temperature should be viewed in the context of dose-dependency. We discuss physiological, developmental, and molecular examples, predominantly from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, illustrating monophasic signaling responses across the physiological temperature gradient."
Authors: Yanglin Ding, Hao Yang, Shifeng Wu, Diyi Fu, Minze Li, Zhizhong Gong and Shuhua Yang.
Science Advances (2022)
Abstract: "Exposure to cold triggers a spike in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) that often leads to transcriptional reprogramming in plants. However, how this Ca2+ signal is perceived and relayed to the downstream cold signaling pathway remains unknown. Here, we show that the CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 28 (CPK28) initiates a phosphorylation cascade to specify transcriptional reprogramming downstream of cold-induced Ca2+ signal. Plasma membrane (PM)–localized CPK28 is activated rapidly upon cold shock within 10 seconds in a Ca2+-dependent manner. CPK28 then phosphorylates and promotes the nuclear translocation of NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7), a transcription factor that specifies the transcriptional reprogramming of cold-responsive gene sets in response to Ca2+, thereby positively regulating plant response to cold stress. This study elucidates a previously unidentified mechanism by which the CPK28-NLP7 regulatory module integrates cold-evoked Ca2+ signal and transcriptome and thus uncovers a key strategy for the rapid perception and transduction of cold signals from the PM to the nucleus."
Authors: Xipan Wang, Qiping Song, Yang Liu, Marian Brestic and Xinghong Yang.
Planta (2022)
Main conclusion: ICEs are key transcription factors in response to cold in plant, they also balance plant growth and stress tolerance. Thus, we systematize the information about ICEs published to date.
Abstract: "Low temperature is an important factor affecting plant growth and development. Exposing to cold condition results in a suit of effects on plants including reduction of plant growth and reproduction, and decrease in crop yield and quality. Plants have evolved a series of strategies to deal with cold stress such as reprogramming of the expression of genes and transcription factors. ICEs (Inducer of CBF Expression), as transcription factors regulating CBFs (C-repeat binding factor), play key roles in balancing plant growth and stress tolerance. Studies on ICEs focused on the function of ICEs on cold tolerance, growth and development; post-translational modifications of ICEs and crosstalk between the ICEs and phytohormones. In this review, we focus on systematizing the information published to date. We summarized the main advances of the functions of ICEs on the cold tolerance, growth and development. And we also elaborated the regulation of ICEs protein stability including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation of ICE. Finally, we described the function of ICEs in the crosstalk among different phytohormone signaling pathway and cold stress. This review provides perspectives for ongoing research about cold tolerance, growth and development in plant."
Authors: Sheng Zheng, Min Su, Lu Wang, Tengguo Zhang, Juan Wang, Huichun Xie, Xuexia Wu, Syed Inzimam Ul Haq and Quan-Sheng Qiu.
Journal of Plant Physiology (2021)
Abstract: "Cold stress is one of the harsh environmental stresses that adversely affect plant growth and crop yields in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, plants have evolved mechanisms to overcome the impact of cold stress. Progress has been made in understanding how plants perceive and transduce low-temperature signals to tolerate cold stress. Small signaling molecules are crucial for cellular signal transduction by initiating the downstream signaling cascade that helps plants to respond to cold stress. These small signaling molecules include calcium, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, phosphatidic acid, and sphingolipids. The small signaling molecules are involved in many aspects of cellular and physiological functions, such as inducing gene expression and activating hormone signaling, resulting in upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme activities, protestantesimo accumulation, malondialdehyde reduction, and photosynthesis improvement. We summarize our current understanding of the roles of the small signaling molecules in cold stress in plants, and highlight their crosstalk in cold signaling transduction. These discoveries help us understand how the plateau plants adapt to the severe alpine environment as well as to develop new crops tolerating cold stress in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Authors: Myrthe Praat, Ive De Smet and Martijn van Zanten.
Journal of Experimental Botany (2021)
Abstract: "Plants must cope with ever-changing temperature conditions in their environment. Suboptimal high and low temperatures, and stressful extreme temperatures, induce adaptive mechanisms that allow optimal performance and survival, respectively. These processes have been extensively studied at the physiological, transcriptional and (epi)genetic level. Cellular temperature signalling cascades and tolerance mechanisms also involve post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly protein phosphorylation. Many protein kinases are known to be involved in cold acclimation and heat stress responsiveness but research on the role and importance of kinases and phosphatases in triggering responses to mild changes in temperature such as thermomorphogenesis is inadequately understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles of kinases and phosphatases in plant temperature responses. We discuss how kinases can function over a range of temperatures in different signalling pathways and provide an outlook to the application of PTM-modifying factors for the development of thermotolerant crops."
Authors: Christian Danve M. Castroverde and Damaris Dina.
Journal of Experimental Botany (2021)
Abstract: "Global climate change has broad-ranging impacts on the natural environment and human civilization. Increasing average temperatures along with more frequent heat waves collectively have negative effects on cultivated crops in agricultural sectors and wild species in natural ecosystems. These aberrantly hot temperatures, together with cold stress, represent major abiotic stresses to plants. Molecular and physiological responses to high and low temperatures are intricately linked to the regulation of important plant hormones. In this review, we shall highlight our current understanding of how changing temperatures regulate plant hormone pathways during immunity, stress responses and development. This article will present an overview of known temperature-sensitive or temperature-reinforced molecular hubs in hormone biosynthesis, homeostasis, signaling and downstream responses. These include recent advances on temperature regulation at the genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels – directly linking some plant hormone pathways to known thermosensing mechanisms. Where applicable, diverse plant species and various temperature ranges will be presented, along with emerging principles and themes. It is anticipated that a grand unifying synthesis of current and future fundamental outlooks on how fluctuating temperatures regulate important plant hormone signaling pathways can be leveraged towards forward-thinking solutions to develop climate-smart crops amidst our dynamically changing world."
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Authors: Tomás Urzúa Lehuedé, Victoria Berdion Gabarain, Tomas Moyano, Lucia Ferrero, Miguel Angel Ibeas, Hernan Salinas-Grenet, Gerardo Núñez-Lillo, Romina Acha, Jorge Perez, Florencia Perotti, Virginia Natali Miguel, Fiorella Paola Spies, Miguel A. Rosas, Michitaro Shibata, Diana R. Rodríguez-García, Adrian A. Moreno, Keiko Sugimoto, Karen Sanguinet, Claudio Meneses, Raquel L. Chan, Federico Ariel, Jose M. Alvarez and José M. Estevez.
bioRxiv (2024)
Abstract: "The root hair (RH) cells can elongate to several hundred times their initial size, and are an ideal model system for investigating cell size control. Their development is influenced by both endogenous and external signals, which are combined to form a integrative response. Surprisingly, a low temperature condition of 10°C causes an increased RH growth in Arabidopsis and in several monocots, even when the development of the rest of the root and aerial parts of the plant are halted. Previously, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the growth response and a significant decrease in nutrient availability in the medium under low temperature conditions. However, the molecular basis responsible for receiving and transmitting signals related to the availability of nutrients in the soil, and their relation to plant development, remain largely unknown. We decided to further investigate the intricate molecular processes behind the particular responsiveness of this root cell type at low temperature. In this study, we have discovered a gene regulatory network (GRN) controlling early transcriptome responses to low temperature. This GNR is commanded by specific transcription factors (FTs), namely ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 (RSL4), a member of the homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip I) group I 13 (AtHB13), the trihelix TF GT2-LIKE1 (GTL1), and a previously unidentified MYB-like TF (AT2G01060). Furthermore, we have identified four downstream RSL4 targets AtHB16, AtHB23, EARLY-RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 7 (ERD7) and ERD10 suggesting their participation in the regulation of RH development under these conditions. Functional analysis shows that such components of the RSL4-dependent transcriptional cascade influence the subsequent RH growth response to low temperature. These discoveries enhance our comprehension of how plants synchronize the RH growth in response to variations in temperature and nutrient availability at the cellular level."
Authors: Mingjuan Zhai, Yating Chen, Xiaowu Pan, Ying Chen, Jiahao Zhou, Xiaodan Jiang, Zhijin Zhang, Guiqing Xiao and Haiwen Zhang.
Plant, Cell & Environment (2024)
One-sentence summary: The OsEIN2-OsEIL1/2 ethylene pathway has negative effect on rice tolerance to low temperature stress through transcriptionally repressing OsICE1-mediated chilling response.
Abstract: "Low temperature severely affects rice development and yield. Ethylene signal is essential for plant development and stress response. Here, we reported that the OsEIN2-OsEIL1/2 pathway reduced OsICE1-dependent chilling tolerance in rice. The overexpressing plants of OsEIN2, OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 exhibited severe stress symptoms with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under chilling, while the mutants (osein2 and oseil1) and OsEIL2-RNA interference plants (OsEIL2-Ri) showed the enhanced chilling tolerance. We validated that OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 could form a heterodimer and synergistically repressed OsICE1 expression by binding to its promoter. The expression of OsICE1 target genes, ROS scavenging- and photosynthesis-related genes were downregulated by OsEIN2 and OsEIL1/2, which were activated by OsICE1, suggesting that OsEIN2-OsEIL1/2 pathway might mediate ROS accumulation and photosynthetic capacity under chilling by attenuating OsICE1 function. Moreover, the association analysis of the seedling chilling tolerance with the haplotype showed that the lower expression of OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 caused by natural variation might confer chilling tolerance on rice seedlings. Finally, we generated OsEIL2-edited rice with an enhanced chilling tolerance. Taken together, our findings reveal a possible mechanism integrating OsEIN2-OsEIL1/2 pathway with OsICE1-dependent cascade in regulating chilling tolerance, providing a practical strategy for breeding chilling-tolerant rice."
Authors: Qiaoling Zheng, Qinhan Yu, Wenkong Yao, Kai Lv, Ningbo Zhang and Weirong Xu.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2023)
Abstract: "In globally cultivated grapevines, low-temperature stress poses a persistent challenge. Although COLD1 is recognized as a cold receptor in rice, its function in grapevine cold signaling is unclear. Here, we identified VaCOLD1, a transmembrane protein from the cold-tolerant Vitis amurensis Rupr, which is primarily located on plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Broadly expressed across multiple tissues, VaCOLD1 responds to various environmental stresses, particularly to cold. Its promoter contains distinct hormone- and stress-responsive elements, with GUS assays confirming widespread expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Validation of interaction between VaCOLD1 and VaGPA1, together with their combined expression in yeast and grape calli, notably improved cold endurance. Overexpression of VaCOLD1 enhances cold tolerance in Arabidopsis by strengthening the CBF-COR signaling pathway. This is achieved through shielding against osmotic disturbances and modifying the expression of ABA-mediated genes. These findings emphasize the critical role of the VaCOLD1-VaGPA1 complex in mediating the response to cold stress via the CBF-COR pathway."
Authors: Zhirui Yang, Yibo Cao, Yiting Shi, Feng Qin, Caifu Jiang and Shuhua Yang.
Molecular Plant (2023)
Abstract: "Global climate change exacerbates the effects of environmental stressors, such as drought, flooding, extreme temperatures, salinity and alkalinity, on crop growth and grain yield, threatening the sustainability of the food supply. Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most widely cultivated crops and the most abundant grain crop in production worldwide. However, maize yield stability is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Recently, great progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying maize responses to environmental stresses and developing stress-resilient varieties through the rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, multi-omics analytic platforms and automated phenotyping facilities. In this review, we summarize recent advances in dissecting the genetic components contributing to maize abiotic stress tolerance through diverse genetic strategies. In addition, we discuss the future challenges and opportunities for developing climate-resilient maize varieties".
Authors: Pan Shu, Yujing Li, Jiping Sheng and Lin Shen.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2023)
Abstract: "Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and ethylene are crucial for plant growth, development, and stress responses, but their potential mechanisms in cold resistance remain unclear. We revealed that SlMAPK3 transcript levels were dramatically induced by cold treatment in an ethylene-dependent manner. Under cold stress, the proline content of SlMAPK3-overexpression fruit was 96.5 and 115.9% higher than that of wild-type fruit (WT), respectively, while the ion leakage was 37.3 and 32.5% lower than that of WT. RNA sequencing revealed that overexpression of SlMAPK3 caused upregulation of genes that are enriched in the ethylene-activated signaling pathway (GO:0009873), cold signaling pathway (GO:0009409), and heat signaling pathway (GO:0009408). RT-qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of SlACS2, SlACS4, SlSAHH, SlCBF1, SlDREB, SlGolS1, and SlHSP17.7 in the OE.MAPK3 fruits were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. Meanwhile, the knockout of SlMAPK3 reduced the ethylene content, ACC content, and ACS activity. Moreover, the knockout of SlMAPK3 reduced the positive effect of ethylene in cold stress, while suppressing the expression of SlICE1 and SlCBF1. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel mechanism by which SlMAPK3 positively regulates the ethylene production of postharvest tomato fruits and is involved in ethylene-mediated cold tolerance."
Authors: Ali Raza, Sidra Charagh, Shiva Najafi-Kakavand, Saghir Abbas, Yasira Shoaib, Sultana Anwar, Sara Sharifi, Guangyuan Lu and Kadambot H.M. Siddique.
Plant Stress (2023)
Highlights: • Cold stress (CS) significantly impacts plant growth and development. • Future food security could be achieved by developing cold-smart plants. • Phytohormones are vital for managing diverse events associated with plant growth and development under CS. • Phytohormones help regulate the CS-responsive regulatory cascade (i.e., ICE-CBF-COR), boosting CS tolerance. • Omics approaches help identify CS-induced phytohormone-encoding novel genes, metabolites, and metabolic pathways. • Genetic engineering of phytohormones biosynthesis genes could help develop cold-smart crops.
Abstract: "Global climate variations induce extreme temperatures and significantly decrease crop production, leading to food insecurity worldwide. Temperature extremes (mainly cold stress (CS): chilling 0–15°C and freezing <0°C temperatures) limit plant growth and development and severely affect plant physiology and biochemical and molecular processes. Subsequently, plants execute numerous endogenous mechanisms, including phytohormone biosynthesis (i.e., abscisic acid, cytokinins, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, brassinosteroids, indole-3-acetic acid, ethylene, and strigolactones) to tolerate stressful environments. Phytohormones are vital for managing diverse events associated with plant growth and development under CS as important endogenous signaling substances that dynamically arbitrate many physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses through a stress-responsive regulatory cascade. This review briefly appraises plant responses and adaptation mechanisms to CS and then comprehensively reports on the crucial role of several phytohormones in adjusting the CS response for plant acclimation. We also discuss phytohormone-regulated genes controlling CS tolerance and their genetic engineering to combat CS in diverse plant species and develop future CS-smart crop plants. The potential of state-of-the-art omics approaches to help identify phytohormone-induced novel genes, metabolites, and metabolic pathways is also discussed. In short, we conclude that the exogenous application of phytohormones and genetic engineering of phytohormones-regulated genes are promising techniques for developing cold-smart crop plants."
Authors: Kazuo Shinozaki and Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki.
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (2022)
Abstract: "Land plants have developed sophisticated systems to cope with severe stressful environmental conditions during evolution. Plants have complex molecular systems to respond and adapt to abiotic stress, including drought, cold, and heat stress. Since 1989, we have been working to understand the complex molecular mechanisms of plant responses to severe environmental stress conditions based on functional genomics approaches with Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant. We focused on the function of drought-inducible genes and the regulation of their stress-inducible transcription, perception and cellular signal transduction of stress signals to describe plant stress responses and adaptation at the molecular and cellular levels. We have identified key genes and factors in the regulation of complex responses and tolerance of plants in response to dehydration and temperature stresses. In this review article, we describe our 30-year experience in research and development based on functional genomics to understand sophisticated systems in plant response and adaptation to environmental stress conditions."
Authors: Wenchao Yin, Lulu Li, Zhikun Yu, Fan Zhang, Dapu Liu, Hongkai Wu, Mei Niu, Wenjing Meng, Xiaoxing Zhang, Nana Dong, Yanzhao Yang, Jihong Liu, Yongqiang Liu, Guoxia Zhang, Jianlong Xu, Shimei Wang, Chengcai Chu, Qian Qian and Hongning Tong.
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology (2022)
Abstract: "Japonica/geng and indica/xian are two major rice (Oryza sativa) subspecies with multiple divergent traits, but how these traits are related and interact within each subspecies remains elusive. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid phytohormones that modulate many important agronomic traits in rice. Here, using different physiological assays, we revealed that japonica rice exhibits an overall lower BR sensitivity than indica. Extensive screening of BR signaling genes led to the identification of a set of genes distributed throughout the primary BR signaling pathway with divergent polymorphisms. Among these, we demonstrate that the C38/T variant in BR Signaling Kinase2 (OsBSK2), causing the amino acid change P13L, plays a central role in mediating differential BR signaling in japonica and indica rice. OsBSK2L13 in indica plays a greater role in BR signaling than OsBSK2P13 in japonica by affecting the auto-binding and protein accumulation of OsBSK2. Finally, we determined that OsBSK2 is involved in a number of divergent traits in japonica relative to indica rice, including grain shape, tiller number, cold adaptation, and nitrogen-use efficiency. Our study suggests that the natural variation in OsBSK2 plays a key role in the divergence of BR signaling, which underlies multiple divergent traits between japonica and indica."
Authors: Yanglin Ding and Shuhua Yang.
Developmental Cell (2022)
Abstract: "The dramatic temperature fluctuations spurred by climate change inhibit plant growth and threaten crop productivity. Unraveling how plants defend themselves against temperature-stress-induced cellular impairment is not only a crucial fundamental issue but is also of critical importance for agricultural sustainability and food security. Here, we review recent developments in elucidating the molecular mechanisms used by plants to sense and respond to cold and heat stress at multiple levels. We also describe the trade-off between plant growth and responses to high and low temperatures. Finally, we discuss possible strategies that could be used to engineer temperature-stress-tolerant, high-yielding crops."
Authors: Xue Wang, Wen-Cheng Liu, Xue-Wei Zeng, Sa Yan, Yi-Min Qiu, Jin-Bo Wang, Xi Huang and Hong-Mei Yuan.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021)
Abstract: "Low temperature remarkably limits rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) growth, latex production, and geographical distribution, but the underlying mechanisms of Hevea brasiliensis cold stress response remain elusive. Here, we identified HbSnRK2.6 as a key component in ABA signaling functions in phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated cold stress response in Hevea brasiliensis. Exogenous application of ABA enhances Hevea brasiliensis cold tolerance. Cold-regulated (COR) genes in the CBF pathway are upregulated by ABA. Transcript levels of all five HbSnRK2.6 members are significantly induced by cold, while HbSnRK2.6A, HbSnRK2.6B, and HbSnRK2.6C can be further activated by ABA under cold conditions. Additionally, HbSnRK2.6s are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can physically interact with HbICE2, a crucial positive regulator in the cold signaling pathway. Overexpression of HbSnRK2.6A or HbSnRK2.6B in Arabidopsis extensively enhances plant responses to ABA and expression of COR genes, leading to increased cold stress tolerance. Furthermore, HbSnRK2.6A and HbSnRK2.6B can promote transcriptional activity of HbICE2, thus, increasing the expression of HbCBF1. Taken together, we demonstrate that HbSnRK2.6s are involved in ABA-regulated cold stress response in Hevea brasiliensis by regulating transcriptional activity of HbICE2."
Authors: Rong Zeng, Zhuoyang Li, Yiting Shi, Diyi Fu, Pan Yin, Jinkui Cheng, Caifu Jiang and Shuhua Yang.
Nature Communications (2021)
Editor's view: The genetic basis of low-temperature tolerance in maize is unclear. Here, the authors show that the type-A Response Regulator 1 (ZmRR1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK8) are positive and negative regulators of maize chilling tolerance, and ZmRR1 is phosphorylated by ZmMPK8 during cold treatment.
Abstract: "Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cold-sensitive species that often faces chilling stress, which adversely affects growth and reproduction. However, the genetic basis of low-temperature adaptation in maize remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that natural variation in the type-A Response Regulator 1 (ZmRR1) gene leads to differences in chilling tolerance among maize inbred lines. Association analysis reveals that InDel-35 of ZmRR1, encoding a protein harboring a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) phosphorylation residue, is strongly associated with chilling tolerance. ZmMPK8, a negative regulator of chilling tolerance, interacts with and phosphorylates ZmRR1 at Ser15. The deletion of a 45-bp region of ZmRR1 harboring Ser15 inhibits its degradation via the 26 S proteasome pathway by preventing its phosphorylation by ZmMPK8. Transcriptome analysis indicates that ZmRR1 positively regulates the expression of ZmDREB1 and Cellulose synthase (CesA) genes to enhance chilling tolerance. Our findings thus provide a potential genetic resource for improving chilling tolerance in maize."
Authors: Nan Xiang, Jian-guang Hu, Shijuan Yan and Xinbo Guo.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2021)
Abstract: "This work aims to emphasize on disclosing the regulative mechanism of sweet corn seedlings response to extreme temperature stress; transcriptomics and metabolomics for volatiles and plant hormones were integrated in this study. Results showed that low-temperature stress significantly impressed 20 volatiles; abscisic acid and salicylic acid accumulated, while auxin and jasmonic acid decreased. The regulatory patterns of vp14 and ABF for abscisic acid accumulation and signal transduction were elucidated in low-temperature stress. High-temperature stress influenced 31 volatiles and caused the reductions on zeatin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and auxin. The up-regulation of an ARR-B gene emphasized its function on zeatin signal transduction under high-temperature stress. Correlations among gene modules, phytohormones, and volatiles were analyzed for building the regulative network of sweet corn seedlings under temperature stress. The attained result might build foundations for improving early development of sweet corn by biological intervention or genomic-level modulation."
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