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Author: Ravi Gupta. Plant Cell Reports (2024) Abstract: "Key message - A recent study identified a natural deletion in the r-e-z haploblock which confers a semi-dwarf trait, higher nitrogen use efficiency, and improved yield in semi-dwarf wheat varieties by attenuating the brassinosteroid signaling."
Julio Retamales's insight:
Commentary on the outstanding article by Song et al. ("Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat") in Nature. Such article was already posted here and is to be found at: - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06023-6 Note: The text in the figure depicted above is as follows: "Fig. 1 Identification and characterization of a r-e-z haploblock in semi-dwarf wheat varieties. r-e-z haploblock is located in the chromosome 4B of the wheat genome and contains three genes including ZnF-B, EamA-B, and Rht-B1b that are associated with the brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) signaling. The presence of this haploblock in the green revolution varieties imparts semi-dwarfism by suppressing the GA signaling. However, this haploblock is also associated with reduced biomass, spike size, and grain yield due to the activated BR signaling because of the ZnF-B expression which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades the BKI1 protein, the suppressor of BR signaling. Deletion of this haploblock turns off both BR and GA signaling to impart semi-dwarfism along with improved agronomical traits." 
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Authors: Hongning Tong and Chengcai Chu. Journal of Genetics and Genomics (2023) Excerpts: "The Green Revolution, which took place in the 1960s, was instrumental in increasing grain yields and mitigating the world's food crisis. Breeding semi-dwarfing crops was a critical activity that significantly improved lodging resistance, field management, and harvesting convenience. Subsequent molecular genetic studies revealed that the semi-dwarfing genes used in rice and wheat, two major staple crops, are related to the plant hormone gibberellin (GA)." "Notably, a recent study by Song et al. (2023) demonstrated that a combination of changes in BR signaling and GA signaling can produce semi-dwarf plant height in wheat, while simultaneously improving NUE (Song et al., 2023). Together with many other superior features, such as compact plant structure, increased grain size, and heavier spike weight, the study's findings offer a novel strategy for simultaneously optimizing multiple traits." "These traits resulted in a significant yield increase (8.4%-13.8%) for r-e-z wheat, which was more pronounced at high planting densities due to its compact plant architecture, leading to improved population photosynthetic efficiency. Concurrently, the increase in yield was accompanied by improved lodging resistance, as demonstrated in the large-scale field trials."
Julio Retamales's insight:
Excellent commentary on the article by Song et al al. ("Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat") in Nature"). This outstanding paper was recently posted here (see below) and is to be found at:
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Authors: Sunny Ahmar and Damian Gruszka.
Trends in Biochemical Sciences (2023) Abstract: "A modern green revolution is needed to ensure global food security. Recently, Song et al. reported a new strategy to create high-yielding, semi-dwarf wheat varieties with improved nitrogen-use efficiency by inhibiting brassinosteroid (BR) signaling through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein9 (Cas9)-mediated knockout of the ZnF-B gene encoding a zinc-finger RING-type E3 ligase."
Julio Retamales's insight:
Commentary on the outstanding paper by Song et al. ("Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat") published in Nature. Such article was already posted here and is to be found at:
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Authors: Ming-Yi Bai, Jinrong Peng, and Xiangdong Fu.
Chinese Bulletin of Botany (2023) Abstract: Since the 1960s, the utilization of semi-dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b has significantly improved the lodging resistance and harvest index of wheat (Triticum aestivum), leading to a doubling of global wheat production and triggering the “Green Revolution” in agriculture. Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b encode plant growth-inhibiting factors, DELLA proteins, which are negative regulatory factors in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Accumulation of DELLA proteins not only inhibits cell division and elongation, leading to a dwarf phenotype, but also suppresses photosynthesis and nitrogen use efficiency, resulting in semi-dwarf varieties requiring higher fertilizer inputs to achieve high yields. Addressing the challenge of “reducing fertilizer inputs while increasing efficiency” is a crucial issue for achieving green and low-carbon agriculture. Recently, Zhongfu Ni and his colleagues from China Agricultural University identified a novel “semi-dwarfing” regulatory module with potential breeding applications and demonstrated that reducing brassinosteroid (BR) signaling could enhance grain yield of wheat “Green Revolution” varieties (GRVs). They isolated and characterized a major QTL responsible for plant height and 1000-grain weight in wheat. Positional cloning and functional analysis revealed that this QTL was associated with a ~500 kb fragment deletion in the Heng597 genome, designated as r-e-z, which contains Rht-B1 and ZnF-B (encoding a RING E3 ligase). ZnF-B was found to positively regulate BR signaling by triggering the degradation of BR signaling repressor BRI1 Kinase Inhibitor (TaBKI1). Further experiments showed that deletion of ZnF-B not only caused the semi-dwarf phenotypes in the absence of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles, but also enhanced grain yield at low nitrogen fertilization levels. Thus, manipulation of GA and BR signaling provides a new breeding strategy to improve grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat GRVs without affecting beneficial semi-dwarfism, which will drive toward a new “Green Revolution” in wheat.
Julio Retamales's insight:
Commentary (in Chinese with English abstract) on the outstanding article by Song et al. ("Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat") recently published in Nature and posted here (see below)
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