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Authors: Xiaoxiao Li, Chuyu Lin, Chenghao Lan and Zeng Tao.
Journal of Experimental Botany (2024)
Abstract: "The timing of the developmental transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stages is critical for angiosperm and fine-tuned by the integration of endogenous factors and external environmental cues to ensure proper and successful reproduction. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to response to diverse environmental or stress signals, which may be mediated by plant hormones which coordinate their flowering time. Endogenous and exogenous phytohormones such as gibberellin (GA), auxin, cytokinin (CK), jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), brassinosteroids (BR) and the cross-talk among them are critical for the precise regulating of flowering time. Recent studies on the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that diverse transcription factors and epigenetic regulators play key roles in the phytohormones that regulate floral transition. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underlying the phytohormone control of floral transition in Arabidopsis, offering insights into how these processes are regulated and their implications for plant biology."
Authors: Sara Zenoni, Stefania Savoi, Nicola Busatto, Giovanni Battista Tornielli and Fabrizio Costa.
Journal of Experimental Botany (2023)
Highlight This review aims to summarize the main transcriptional events coordinating the ripening processes in both climacteric (apple) and non-climacteric (grape) models, focusing on transcription factors and hormonal regulation
Abstract: "Fleshy fruits of angiosperms are organs specialized for promoting seed dispersal by attracting herbivores and enticing them to consume the organ and the contained seeds. Ripening can be broadly defined as the processes serving as a plant strategy to make the fleshy fruit appealing to animals and leads to a coordinated series of changes in color, texture, aroma and flavor, as result of an intricate interplay of genetically and epigenetically programmed events. The ripening of fruits can be categorized into two types: climacteric, which is characterized by a rapid increase in respiration rate typically accompanied by a burst of ethylene production, and non-climacteric, where this pronounced peak in respiration is absent. Here we review the most current knowledge on transcriptomic changes taking place in apple (climacteric) and grapevine (non-climacteric) fruit during ripening, with the aim to highlight specific and common hormonal and molecular events governing the process in both species. In this perspective, we found that specific NAC transcription factor members participate in the ripening initiation in grape and are involved in the attempt to restore the normal physiological ripening progression in impaired fruit ripening physiology in apple. These elements suggest the existence of a common regulatory mechanism operated by NAC transcription factors and auxin in the two species."
Author: Ching Chan.
Plant Cell (2022)
Excepts: "Focusing on the Ethylene Response Factor.F (ERF.F) subfamily, Heng Deng, Yao Chen and colleagues (Deng et al., 2022) identified SlERF.F12 as a putative repressor of tomato fruit ripening (see Figure). ERF.F subfamily members bear one or two ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif(s), a plant-specific transcriptional repressor domain (Kagale and Rozwadowski, 2011). SlERF.F12 boasts two such EAR motifs, but the functional significance and mechanism of EAR motif-containing ERFs in fruit ripening have remained largely unexplored until recently."
"This study brings important insights by connecting epigenetic control and transcriptional dynamics to climacteric fruit ripening. The ERF.F subfamily, particularly SlERF.F12 and its EAR motif, is shown here to be important players. Other questions remain such as: What other transcriptional/epigenetic regulators participate in ripening? Are there any “master regulators”? How is the transcriptional network integrated with the optimal timing of fruit ripening; in particular, how does the promotive ethylene-signaling pathway interplay with the repressive ERF.F-mediated pathway?"
Authors: Xiuming Li, Xuemei Wang, Yi Zhang, Aihong Zhang and Chun-Xiang You.
Horticulture Research (2022)
Abstract: "Fleshy fruits undergo a complex ripening process, developing organoleptic fruit traits that attract herbivores and maximize seed dispersal. Ripening is the terminal stage of fruit development and involves a series of physiological and biochemical changes. In fleshy fruits, ripening always involves a drastic color change triggered by the accumulation of pigments and degradation of chlorophyll, softening caused by cell wall remodeling, and flavor formation as acids and sugars accumulate alongside volatile compounds. The mechanisms underlying fruit ripening rely on the orchestration of ripening-related transcription factors, plant hormones, and epigenetic modifications. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the transcription factors that regulate ripening in conjunction with ethylene and environmental signals (light and temperature) in the model plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other fleshy fruits. We emphasize the critical roles of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification as well as RNA m6A modification, which has been studied intensively. This detailed review was compiled to provide a comprehensive description of the regulatory mechanisms of fruit ripening and guide new strategies for its effective manipulation."
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Authors: Foziya Altaf, Shazia Parveen, Sumira Farooq, Mohammad Lateef Lone, Aehsan Ul Haq and Inayatullah Tahir
Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology (2024)
Abstract: "Due to the already strained and severely challenged agricultural ecosystems of the modern world, predicted changes in life cycle of plants, including leaf senescence are receiving significant attention from stakeholders. The onset, progression and terminal phases of leaf senescence are greatly influenced by plant hormones. The senescence of leaves is accelerated by ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids and strigolactones (SLs), whereas it is postponed by cytokinins (CKs), gibberellic acid (GA) and auxins. The crosstalk and signal transduction pathways between these growth regulators have been found to regulate leaf senescence by orchestrating various developmental and environmental factors. Premature leaf senescence lessens the plant’s nutritional capacity and shortens the vegetative production schedule, prompting an early transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage and diminishing crop potential. As a result, a complete understanding of leaf senescence and finding novel ways to delay it is crucial for agricultural productivity. The ability to manipulate leaf senescence for agricultural enhancement has been made possible by significant advances in physiological and molecular awareness of leaf senescence. Although studies pertaining to leaf senescence have been given steadily more attention, there are still numerous challenges that need to be resolved. In this perspective, this review focuses on current advances in understanding the leaf senescence by molecular and genetic analyses with an emphasis on hormonal regulation of leaf senescence. We also hypothesize future research to better comprehend leaf senescence by employing various current technologies."
Authors: Jaclyn A. Adaskaveg and Barbara Blanco-Ulate.
Current Opinion in Biotechnology (2023)
Highlights • Fruit quality includes aspects of color, nutrition, flavor, texture, and shelf life. • Improving fruit quality can reduce food waste and increase nutritious food access. • Some consumer-based traits have declined with breeding longer shelf-life fruit. • Modulating ripening through breeding and biotechnology can improve fruit quality.
Abstract: "Fruit quality directly impacts fruit marketability and consumer acceptance. Breeders have focused on fruit quality traits to extend shelf life, primarily through fruit texture, but, in some cases, have neglected other qualities such as flavor and nutrition. In recent years, integrative biotechnology and consumer-minded approaches have surfaced, aiding in the development of flavorful, long-lasting fruit. Here, we discussed how specific transcription factors and hormones involved in fruit ripening can be targeted to generate high-quality fruit through traditional breeding and bioengineering. We highlight regulators that can be used to generate novel-colored fruit or biofortify fresh produce with health-promoting nutrients, such as vitamin C. Overall, we argue that addressing grower and industry needs must be balanced with consumer-based traits."
Authors: Heng Deng, Yao Chen, Ziyu Liu, Zhaoqiao Liu, Peng Shu, Ruochen Wang, Yanwei Hao, Dan Su, Julien Pirrello, Yongsheng Liu, Zhengguo Li, Don Grierson, James J. Giovannoni, Mondher Bouzayen, Mingchun Liu.
Plant Cell (2022)
Abstract: "Ethylene response factors (ERFs) are downstream components of ethylene-signaling pathways known to play critical roles in ethylene-controlled climacteric fruit ripening, yet little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying their mode of action. Here, we demonstrate that SlERF.F12, a member of the ERF.F subfamily containing Ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) motifs, negatively regulates the onset of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS 2 (TPL2) and the histone deacetylases (HDAs) HDA1/HDA3 to repress the transcription of ripening-related genes. The SlERF.F12-mediated transcriptional repression of key ripening-related genes 1-AMINO-CYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 2 (ACS2), ACS4, POLYGALACTURONASE 2a, and PECTATE LYASE is dependent on the presence of its C-terminal EAR motif. We show that SlERF.F12 interacts with the co-repressor TPL2 via the C-terminal EAR motif and recruits HDAs SlHDA1 and SlHDA3 to form a tripartite complex in vivo that actively represses transcription of ripening genes by decreasing the level of the permissive histone acetylation marks H3K9Ac and H3K27Ac at their promoter regions. These findings provide new insights into the ripening regulatory network and uncover a direct link between repressor ERFs and histone modifiers in modulating the transition to ripening of climacteric fruit."
Authors: Yinglin Ji, Mingyang Xu and Aide Wang.
Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering (2021)
Highlights: • The dynamic interplay between phytohormones plays an important part in climacteric fruit ripening. • Transcription factors are critical for the regulation of climacteric fruit ripening. • Epigenetic modifications act as important regulators of fruit ripening.
Abstract: "Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process made up of genetically programmed physiological and biochemical activities. It culminates in desirable changes in the structural and textural properties and is governed by a complex regulatory network. Much is known about ethylene, one of the most important metabolites promoting the ripening of climacteric fruits. However, the dynamic interplay between phytohormones also plays an important part. Additional regulatory factors such as transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic modifications also play vital role in the regulation of climacteric fruit ripening. Here, we review and evaluate the complex regulatory network comprising interactions between hormones and the action of TFs and epigenetic modifications during climacteric fruit ripening."
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