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Authors: Fereshteh Jafari, Baobao Wang, Haiyang Wang and Junjie Zou.
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology (2023)
Abstract: "Maize is a major staple crop widely used as food, animal feed, and raw materials in industrial production. High-density planting is a major factor contributing to the continuous increase of maize yield. However, high planting density usually triggers a shade avoidance response and causes increased plant height and ear height, resulting in lodging and yield loss. Reduced plant height and ear height, more erect leaf angle, reduced tassel branch number, earlier flowering, and strong root system architecture are five key morphological traits required for maize adaption to high-density planting. In this review, we summarize recent advances in deciphering the genetic and molecular mechanisms of maize involved in response to high-density planting. We also discuss some strategies for breeding advanced maize cultivars with superior performance under high-density planting conditions."
Authors: Shichen Li, Zhihui Sun, Qing Sang, Chao Qin, Lingping Kong, Xin Huang, Huan Liu, Tong Su, Haiyang Li, Milan He, Chao Fang, Lingshuang Wang, Shuangrong Liu, Bin Liu, Baohui Liu, Xiangdong Fu, Fanjiang Kong and Sijia Lu
Nature Communications (2023)
Editor's view: Many cereal crops have been bred to be more compact to allow high-density planting, but soybean has remained relatively overlooked. Here, the authors describe a compact soybean mutant, reduced internode 1, that significantly enhances grain yield under high-density planting conditions compared to an elite cultivar.
Abstract: "Major cereal crops have benefitted from Green Revolution traits such as shorter and more compact plants that permit high-density planting, but soybean has remained relatively overlooked. To balance ideal soybean yield with plant height under dense planting, shortening of internodes without reducing the number of nodes and pods is desired. Here, we characterized a short-internode soybean mutant, reduced internode 1 (rin1). Partial loss of SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA 105 3a (SPA3a) underlies rin1. RIN1 physically interacts with two homologs of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), STF1 and STF2, to promote their degradation. RIN1 regulates gibberellin metabolism to control internode development through a STF1/STF2–GA2ox7 regulatory module. In field trials, rin1 significantly enhances grain yield under high-density planting conditions comparing to its wild type of elite cultivar. rin1 mutants therefore could serve as valuable resources for improving grain yield under high-density cultivation and in soybean–maize intercropping systems. Many cereal crops have been bred to be more compact to allow high-density planting, but soybean has remained relatively overlooked. Here, the authors describe a compact soybean mutant, reduced internode 1, that significantly enhances grain yield under high-density planting conditions compared to an elite cultivar."
Authors: Hongning Tong and Chengcai Chu.
Journal of Genetics and Genomics (2023)
Excerpts: "The Green Revolution, which took place in the 1960s, was instrumental in increasing grain yields and mitigating the world's food crisis. Breeding semi-dwarfing crops was a critical activity that significantly improved lodging resistance, field management, and harvesting convenience. Subsequent molecular genetic studies revealed that the semi-dwarfing genes used in rice and wheat, two major staple crops, are related to the plant hormone gibberellin (GA)."
"Notably, a recent study by Song et al. (2023) demonstrated that a combination of changes in BR signaling and GA signaling can produce semi-dwarf plant height in wheat, while simultaneously improving NUE (Song et al., 2023). Together with many other superior features, such as compact plant structure, increased grain size, and heavier spike weight, the study's findings offer a novel strategy for simultaneously optimizing multiple traits."
"These traits resulted in a significant yield increase (8.4%-13.8%) for r-e-z wheat, which was more pronounced at high planting densities due to its compact plant architecture, leading to improved population photosynthetic efficiency. Concurrently, the increase in yield was accompanied by improved lodging resistance, as demonstrated in the large-scale field trials."
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Authors: Xiujie Liu, Kai Huang and Chengcai Chu.
Plant Communications (2024)
Excerpts: "Very recently, Li et al. (2023) identified an ideal allele for compact plant architecture in soybean, reduced internode 1 (rin1), that downregulates plant height by reducing internode length and increases total yield per plot under dense planting conditions (Figure 1C). Li et al. have screened out a dwarf mutant from the mutant library in the background of Heinong 35 (HN35), an elite soybean cultivar in China. Interestingly, the reduced plant height of the mutant was mainly caused by the shortened internode, and the yield per plant of rin1 is higher than HN35 (Li et al., 2023). With F2 segregating population derived from the cross between rin1 and Heihe 43 (HH43), another elite cultivar, as well as a residual heterozygous inbred population from the F2 segregating population, the candidate gene of rin1 was cloned."
"In summary, the work of Li et al. (2023) that not only provides a potential elite allele, rin1, for soybean GR, but also uncovers the molecular mechanism of plant height and internode length regulation by RIN1, making a groundbreaking advance in soybean breeding for dense planting to enhance grain yield. Introducing rin1 into more elite soybean cultivars would be an effective strategy to promote the leap of soybean production, especially for China, which has a substantially lower soybean yield compared to USA, which has benefited from soybean varieties with enhanced lodging resistance to adapt to high-density planting (Figure 1B)."
Authors: Jiao Shu-liang, Li Qin-yan, Zhang Fan, Tao Yong-hong, Yu Ying-zhen, Yao Fan, Li Qing-mao, Hu Feng-yi and Huang Li-yu.
Journal of Integrative Agriculture (2024)
Abstract: "Semidwarf breeding has boosted crop production and is a well-known outcome from the first Green Revolution. The Green Revolution gene Semidwarf 1 (SD1), which modulates gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, plays a principal role in rice plant height. Mutation in SD1 reduces rice plant height and promotes lodging resistance and fertilizer tolerance to increase grain production. Plant height mediated by SD1 also favours grain yield under certain conditions. However, it is not yet known whether the function of SD1 in upland rice promotes adaptation and grain production. In this study, the plant height and grain yield of irrigated and upland rice were comparatively analysed under paddy and dryland conditions. In response to dryland environments, rice requires a reduction in plant height to cope with water deficits. Upland rice accessions had greater plant height than their irrigated counterparts under both paddy and dryland conditions, and appropriately reducing plant height could promote adaptability to dryland environments and maintain high grain yield formation. Moreover, upland rice cultivars with thicker stem diameters had stronger lodging resistance, which addresses the lodging problem. Knockout of SD1 in the upland rice cultivar IRAT104 reduced the plant height and grain yield, demonstrating that adjustment of the plant height mediated by SD1 could increase grain production in dryland fields. In addition, SD1 genetic diversity analysis verified that haplotype variation caused phenotypic variation in plant height. During the breeding history of rice, SD1 allelic mutations were selected from landraces to improve the grain yield of irrigated rice cultivars, and this selection was accompanied by reduced plant height. Thus, five known mutant alleles were analysed to verify that functional SD1 is required for upland rice production. All these results suggest that SD1 might undergo artificial positive selection in upland rice, which provides further insights concerning greater plant height in upland rice breeding.
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