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Virus World provides a daily blog of the latest news in the Virology field and the COVID-19 pandemic. News on new antiviral drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tests, viral outbreaks, novel viruses and milestone discoveries are curated by expert virologists. Highlighted news include trending and most cited scientific articles in these fields with links to the original publications. Stay up-to-date with the most exciting discoveries in the virus world and the last therapies for COVID-19 without spending hours browsing news and scientific publications. Additional comments by experts on the topics are available in Linkedin (https://www.linkedin.com/in/juanlama/detail/recent-activity/)
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British Tourists and Expats in Spain Issued Warning about Deadly Virus that Kills '40% of Victims'

British Tourists and Expats in Spain Issued Warning about Deadly Virus that Kills '40% of Victims' | Virus World | Scoop.it

The alert comes after a man diagnosed with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was hospitalised, pushing the health officials to generate an alert.  British tourists and expats in Spain have been issued an urgent warning about a deadly virus that kills 40 percent of the infected ones

The alert comes after a man diagnosed with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was hospitalised, pushing the health officials to generate an alert. The Spanish Castile and León Ministry of Health confirmed that the patient is in a critical but stable condition. The disease, typically transmitted by ticks, is clinically associated with several symptoms, health bodies have revealed. Medical experts at Travel Health Pro told GB news: “The patient remains admitted, stable in serious conditions, at the Salamanca Hospital, where the protocolized epidemiological and care measures have been adopted.”

 

The confirmed case is an elderly man, who has been admitted to hospital in Salamanca Hospital, in Northwestern Spain. “He has a tick bite and remains stable, although with the clinical severity that this pathology implies, with the isolation measures and protection of health professionals provided for these situations,” added Travel Health Pro. According to the WHO, the CCHF virus is transmitted to people either by tick bites or through contact with an infected animal's blood.  The health body adds: “The majority of cases have occurred in people involved in the livestock industry, such as agricultural workers, slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians.”

 

Anyone who has experienced symptoms or believes they may have been exposed to CCHF has been told to seek advice from a GP or NHS 111. “Remember - tell your healthcare providers that you travelled abroad,” said Travel Health Pro. In patients who recover from the disease, improvements tend to start around the ninth day or tenth day after the onset of illness. The WHO said: “It is difficult to prevent or control CCHF infection in animals and ticks as the tick-animal-tick cycle usually goes unnoticed and the infection in domestic animals is usually not apparent. “Furthermore, the tick vectors are numerous and widespread, so tick control with acaricides (chemicals intended to kill ticks) is only a realistic option for well-managed livestock production facilities. “There are no vaccines widely available for human or animal use. In the absence of a vaccine, the only way to reduce infection in people is by raising awareness of the risk factors and educating people about the measures they can take to reduce exposure to the virus.”

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Tick-borne STFS Virus Re-Emerges in China; 2015 Outbreak Saw Mortality Rate of Over 30 Percent 

Tick-borne STFS Virus Re-Emerges in China; 2015 Outbreak Saw Mortality Rate of Over 30 Percent  | Virus World | Scoop.it

Virologists say that the same virus was found in Japan and South Korea in 2015 where the mortality rate was found to be more than 30% in both countries.  While almost the entire world is still struggling with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Chinese officials have reported cases of another infectious disease caused by SFTS virus which has affected around 37 people in East China's Jiangsu Province and 23 in East China's Anhui province. The officials have reported that seven people have died due to this virus so far. However, this virus is not new - it was first detected in the year 2009.

 

SFTS virus stands for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus which is a phlebovirus that belongs to the Bunyaviridae family. It is a tick-borne virus but it can spread among humans from the mucous and blood of the infected person. In a study conducted in the year 2015, scientists found four species of ticks, H longicornis, R microplus, H campanulata and D sinicus in dogs, cats, sheep and cattle which acted as a reservoir for SFTS virus. The symptoms of the SFTS virus include sudden high fever, chills, loss of appetite, bleeding of gums, gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, muscular pain, neurological abnormalities such as headache, confusion and seizure, thrombocytopenia (extremely low levels of platelets), leukocytopenia (low levels of white blood cells), and coagulopathy (where the blood loses its ability to form a clot and stop bleeding). Clinically, the SFTS virus presents itself in four stages:

  • Stage one - Incubation: After a tick bite, the virus takes 5 to 14 days for incubation. The symptoms appear after the incubation period ends.
  • Stage two - Fever: After incubation, the person presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, muscular pain and diarrhoea which lasts for 5 to 11 days.
  • Stage three - Multiple organ failure: Due to severe leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, many of the patients suffer from multiple organ failure (MOF) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (excessive clotting of blood), ultimately leading to death.
  • Stage four - Convalescence: In which people who get past the MOF stage get healthy.

 

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug which has been effective against various bunyavirus infections, which include Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Studies have shown that intravenous delivery of ribavirin virus can help in treating SFTS virus to a certain extent. 

Virologists from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information stated that the mortality rate of SFTS virus has been reported to be 6 percent and around 30 percent in people who are immunocompromised. They further stated that the same virus was found in Japan and South Korea in 2015 where the mortality rate was found to be more than 30 percent in both countries. 

Various studies have been done to determine the mode of infection and ways of transmission of the virus but no vaccine has been developed yet. The SFTS virus is known to severely affect elderly people of age 50 years and above and also those with a weak immune system.

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Geographic Distribution of Suspected Alpha-Gal Syndrome Cases in the  United States -  MMWR

Geographic Distribution of Suspected Alpha-Gal Syndrome Cases in the  United States -  MMWR | Virus World | Scoop.it

Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging, tick bite–associated allergic condition characterized by potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to an oligosaccharide found in most mammalian meat and products derived from it; however, in the absence of national surveillance, the geographic distribution and number of cases are largely unknown.

 

What is added by this report?

The number of suspected AGS cases in the United States has increased substantially since 2010, and states with established populations of lone star ticks are most affected, although suspected AGS cases were also identified in areas outside of this tick’s range.

 

What are the implications for public health practice?

These data can facilitate initiating AGS surveillance, improve health care provider education in high-risk areas, and enhance targeted public health outreach and prevention.

 

Abstract

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging, tick bite–associated allergic condition characterized by a potentially life-threatening immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated hypersensitivity to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), an oligosaccharide found in most nonprimate mammalian meat and products derived from these mammals. Specific symptoms and severity of AGS vary among persons, and no treatment or cure is currently available. During 2010–2018, more than 34,000 suspected cases of AGS were identified in the United States, but current knowledge of where cases occur is limited. This study examined alpha-gal–specific IgE (sIgE) antibody testing results submitted to the commercial laboratory responsible for nearly all testing in the United States before 2022 to assess the geographic distribution and magnitude of this emerging condition.

 

During January 1, 2017–December 31, 2022, a total of 357,119 tests were submitted from residences in the United States, corresponding to 295,400 persons. Overall, 90,018 (30.5%) persons received a positive test result in the study period, and the number of persons with positive test results increased from 13,371 in 2017 to 18,885 in 2021. Among 233,521 persons for whom geographic data were available, suspected cases predominantly occurred in counties within the southern, midwestern, and mid-Atlantic U.S. Census Bureau regions. These data highlight the evolving emergence of AGS and can be used to help state and local health agencies initiate surveillance and target public health outreach and health care provider education to high-risk localities.

 

Published in MMWR (July 28, 2023):

 http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7230a2 

 
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